We discuss the fundamental characteristics and key challenges of five promising cathode materials, including a lithium cobalt oxide cathode, a high-nickel oxide cathode, a Li-rich oxide cathode, a sulfur cathode, and an oxygen cathode, and also summarize the feasible solutions. We discuss the fundamental characteristics and key challenges of five promising cathode materials, including a lithium cobalt oxide cathode, a high-nickel oxide cathode, a Li-rich oxide cathode, a sulfur cathode, and an oxygen cathode, and also summarize the feasible solutions. LCO batteries, also known as lithium cobalt oxide batteries, are a cornerstone of the lithium-ion battery ecosystem. These batteries stand out due to their high specific capacity and stable structure, making them indispensable in high-energy-density applications. Lithium cobalt oxide is one of the most common Lithium-ions, it has a chemical symbol which is LiCoO2 and is abbreviated as LCO. For simplification, Li-cobalt –which is the short term- can also be used for this type battery. With a practical energy density of 150–200 Wh/kg and stable 3. 7 V nominal output, it remains a core solution for compact, high-performance. fordable, reliable and sustainable. However, it is intermittent by nature and its output is affected by environmental and wea her.